Fig. 3

Effects of optogenetic stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons on endothelium activation, leukocyte recruitment and BBB leakage in PIL mice (A) and (C) Representative images of P-selectin and VCAM-1 expression. (B) and (D) Quantitative analysis of P-selectin and VCAM-1 expression by MFI and normalized to the control group. (E) Representative images and quantitative analysis of leukocyte rolling and adhesion. (F) Quantitative analysis of Evans blue dye extravasation. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 12 in each group). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test: ## p < 0.01 compared to the control group, * p < 0.05 or ** p < 0.01 compared to the PIL group