Fig. 5

Subgroup analysis according disease subtype. Using the measures of cerebral blood flow and CVR as the measures of cerebrovascular function in subgroup analyses: (a) Shows an overall negative effect size [SMD = − 0.85 (95% CI − 1.34, − 0.36)], which signifies a reduction in cerebrovascular functions in participants presenting exclusively with small vessel diseases. (b) Shows an overall negative effect size [SMD = − 2.09 (95% CI − 3.57, − 0.62)], which signifies a reduction in cerebrovascular functions in participants presenting exclusively with large arterial diseases. Schematic model for cerebral large artery and small vessel diseases. A simple diagram that could serve as a guide to explore the interconnectedness of underlying mechanisms implicated in cerebral large artery and small vessel diseases